Multi-Agent Architecture: Parallel Execution Patterns

One of Claude Code’s most powerful features is multi-agent execution—the ability to spawn specialized agents that work in parallel. Used correctly, this can deliver 5-10x efficiency gains on complex tasks.

This guide covers the official Task tool syntax, built-in agent types, and real-world patterns for parallel execution.

Understanding the Task Tool

The Task tool is Claude Code’s mechanism for spawning subagents. According to the official documentation:

Official Syntax

Task({
  subagent_type: "Explore",     // Required: "Explore" or "general-purpose"
  model: "haiku",               // Optional: "haiku", "sonnet", or "opus"
  prompt: `                     // Required: Task description
    Explore authentication module (thoroughness: medium).
    Find all JWT-related functions and their usage.
  `,
  run_in_background: false      // Optional: Run asynchronously
})

Available subagent_type Values

From the Claude Code GitHub:

subagent_type	Purpose	Best Use Case
`Explore`	Fast codebase navigation powered by Haiku 4.5	File search, pattern matching, structure analysis
`general-purpose`	Complex multi-step reasoning	Implementation, refactoring, code review

Model Selection

// Haiku 4.5 - Fast & cheap (default for Explore)
Task({ subagent_type: "Explore", model: "haiku", ... })

// Sonnet 4.5 - Balanced (default for general-purpose)
Task({ subagent_type: "general-purpose", model: "sonnet", ... })

// Opus 4.5 - Most capable (critical tasks)
Task({ subagent_type: "general-purpose", model: "opus", ... })

Cost/Speed Trade-offs:

Haiku 4.5: 2x faster, 1/3 cost vs Sonnet
Sonnet 4.5: Best coding performance, Extended Thinking support
Opus 4.5: Highest intelligence, default Thinking Mode (v2.0.67+)

The Explore Agent Deep Dive

The Explore agent (introduced in v2.1.0) is specifically designed for fast codebase exploration.

Thoroughness Levels

// Quick - 10-30 seconds
Task({
  subagent_type: "Explore",
  model: "haiku",
  prompt: "Explore auth module (thoroughness: quick). Find login handler."
})

// Medium - 30-60 seconds (recommended)
Task({
  subagent_type: "Explore",
  model: "haiku",
  prompt: "Explore auth module (thoroughness: medium). Map JWT flow and middleware."
})

// Very Thorough - 60-120 seconds
Task({
  subagent_type: "Explore",
  model: "haiku",
  prompt: "Explore auth module (thoroughness: very thorough). Complete security analysis."
})

Why Explore is More Efficient

Old approach (5 sequential steps):

1. Glob: find *auth*.ts         → 15 seconds
2. Grep: search "JWT"           → 15 seconds
3. Read: auth/index.ts          → 10 seconds
4. Grep: find authenticate()    → 15 seconds
5. Read: test files             → 10 seconds
Total: 65 seconds

New approach (1 Explore agent):

Task({
  subagent_type: "Explore",
  model: "haiku",
  prompt: "Explore authentication (thoroughness: medium). Focus on JWT, middleware, tests."
})
// Total: 30-45 seconds, same or better results

Built-in Specialized Agents

Claude Code provides these specialized agent types:

Agent	Role	When to Use	Recommended Model
`code-reviewer`	Code quality analysis	After implementation	Sonnet
`security-auditor`	Vulnerability detection	Auth/payment changes	Sonnet/Opus
`test-runner`	Test execution & analysis	After code changes	Haiku
`debugger`	Root cause analysis	Error investigation	Sonnet
`refactor-assistant`	Code improvement	Complexity reduction	Sonnet
`doc-writer`	Documentation	API changes	Haiku/Sonnet

Sequential vs Parallel Execution

Sequential (slow):

Task 1 (30s) → Task 2 (30s) → Task 3 (30s) → Task 4 (30s)
Total: 120 seconds

Parallel (fast):

Task 1 (30s) ┐
Task 2 (30s) ├→ All complete in 30 seconds
Task 3 (30s) │
Task 4 (30s) ┘
Total: 30 seconds

The math: parallel execution time = max(individual times), not sum.

Core Patterns

Pattern 1: Analysis Swarm

Launch multiple Explore agents to analyze from different angles simultaneously.

Prompt: "I need to understand how user authentication works in this project."

Claude spawns 5 parallel agents:
→ Task 1 (Explore quick): Map auth-related file structure
→ Task 2 (Explore quick): Find all JWT/session references
→ Task 3 (Explore medium): Analyze middleware chain
→ Task 4 (Explore quick): Identify auth configuration
→ Task 5 (Explore quick): Review existing auth tests

Results synthesized into comprehensive overview.

Implementation:

// All 5 agents launch simultaneously
Task({ subagent_type: "Explore", model: "haiku",
  prompt: "Map auth-related file structure (thoroughness: quick)" })
Task({ subagent_type: "Explore", model: "haiku",
  prompt: "Find all JWT and session references (thoroughness: quick)" })
Task({ subagent_type: "Explore", model: "haiku",
  prompt: "Analyze authentication middleware chain (thoroughness: medium)" })
Task({ subagent_type: "Explore", model: "haiku",
  prompt: "Find auth configuration files (thoroughness: quick)" })
Task({ subagent_type: "Explore", model: "haiku",
  prompt: "Review authentication test files (thoroughness: quick)" })

Use cases:

Exploring unfamiliar codebases
Understanding complex features
Impact analysis before changes
Technical debt assessment

Pattern 2: Divide and Conquer

Break a large task into independent subtasks that run in parallel.

Prompt: "Refactor the payment module to use the new API client."

Claude spawns agents per file:
→ Agent 1: Refactor payment/checkout.ts
→ Agent 2: Refactor payment/subscription.ts
→ Agent 3: Refactor payment/refund.ts
→ Agent 4: Update payment/types.ts
→ Agent 5: Update tests in payment/__tests__/

Each agent has context about the new API client pattern.

Implementation:

// Shared context provided to all agents
const sharedContext = `
  Migration context:
  - Replace RestClient with new ApiClient from src/lib/api.ts
  - Use new error handling pattern from src/lib/errors.ts
  - Maintain backward compatibility for exported functions
`;

Task({ subagent_type: "general-purpose", model: "sonnet",
  prompt: `${sharedContext}\n\nRefactor payment/checkout.ts` })
Task({ subagent_type: "general-purpose", model: "sonnet",
  prompt: `${sharedContext}\n\nRefactor payment/subscription.ts` })
// ... etc

Use cases:

Multi-file refactoring
Batch updates (renaming, pattern changes)
Large-scale migrations
Documentation updates across files

Pattern 3: Implementation with Review

Build and review simultaneously to catch issues early.

Prompt: "Implement user profile editing with proper validation."

Phase 1 - Implementation (parallel):
→ Agent 1: Implement API endpoint
→ Agent 2: Create form component
→ Agent 3: Write validation logic

Phase 2 - Review (parallel, starts after Phase 1):
→ Agent 4 (security-auditor): Security review
→ Agent 5 (code-reviewer): Quality check
→ Agent 6 (test-runner): Verify coverage

Use cases:

New feature development
Critical code changes
Security-sensitive implementations
High-complexity features

Pattern 4: Multi-Perspective Review

Get different expert viewpoints on the same code.

Prompt: "Review PR #123 comprehensively."

Claude spawns specialized reviewers:
→ Agent 1 (code-reviewer): Code quality and patterns
→ Agent 2 (security-auditor): Security vulnerabilities
→ Agent 3 (Explore): Performance implications
→ Agent 4 (test-runner): Test coverage analysis
→ Agent 5 (general-purpose): Backward compatibility

Synthesized review with categorized findings.

Use cases:

Code reviews
Architecture decisions
Technical proposals
Dependency updates

Pattern 5: Bug Investigation

Parallel search when you don’t know where to look.

Prompt: "Users report 'undefined is not a function' on dashboard."

Claude spawns search agents:
→ Agent 1 (Explore): Search for error message in codebase
→ Agent 2 (Explore): Find recent dashboard changes
→ Agent 3 (Explore): Analyze dashboard dependencies
→ Agent 4 (Explore): Check for TypeScript errors
→ Agent 5 (Explore): Review related test failures

First agent to find strong lead guides investigation.

Use cases:

Bug hunting
Understanding error origins
Finding deprecated usage
Tracing data flow

Best Practices

1. Choose the Right Model

Exploration/Search → Haiku 4.5
- File structure mapping
- Pattern searching
- Simple analysis
- Cost: ~$0.001 per task

Complex reasoning → Sonnet 4.5
- Code review
- Architecture planning
- Implementation
- Cost: ~$0.003 per task

Critical decisions → Opus 4.5
- Security analysis
- Complex refactoring
- Architectural decisions
- Cost: ~$0.015 per task

2. Keep Agents Focused

Each agent should have a single, clear objective.

Too broad (bad):

"Analyze the entire codebase and find all issues"

Focused (good):

Task({ prompt: "Find all usages of deprecated API v1" })
Task({ prompt: "Check for missing error handling in API routes" })
Task({ prompt: "Identify components without prop validation" })

3. Provide Shared Context

Ensure all agents have the context they need:

const sharedContext = `
  Context for all agents:
  - We're migrating from REST to GraphQL
  - Target files are in src/api/
  - Use the new ApiClient from src/lib/api.ts
  - Follow error handling patterns in src/lib/errors.ts
`;

Task({ prompt: `${sharedContext}\n\nTask 1: ...` })
Task({ prompt: `${sharedContext}\n\nTask 2: ...` })

4. Handle Background Tasks

For long-running tasks, use run_in_background:

Task({
  subagent_type: "general-purpose",
  model: "sonnet",
  prompt: "Comprehensive security audit of entire codebase",
  run_in_background: true  // Returns immediately, runs async
})

// Check on it later
TaskOutput({ task_id: "...", block: false })

5. Plan for Synthesis

Multiple agents produce multiple outputs. Plan how to combine them:

After parallel analysis:
1. Collect findings from all agents
2. Deduplicate overlapping discoveries
3. Prioritize by severity/impact
4. Create actionable summary

Real-World Examples

Feature Development Workflow

User: "Implement a notification system for order updates."

Phase 1 - Discovery (5 parallel Explore agents):
→ Map existing notification patterns
→ Find email/push notification code
→ Analyze order state machine
→ Review notification templates
→ Check existing event handlers

Phase 2 - Design (sequential, needs Phase 1 results):
→ Plan agent: Design notification architecture

Phase 3 - Implementation (4 parallel agents):
→ Create notification service
→ Add order event listeners
→ Build email templates
→ Write unit tests

Phase 4 - Review (3 parallel agents):
→ security-auditor: Check for data leaks
→ code-reviewer: Review patterns
→ test-runner: Verify coverage

Bug Investigation

User: "Production error: 'Payment failed' but money was charged."

Parallel investigation (5 Explore agents):
→ Search payment logs for error pattern
→ Analyze payment service error handling
→ Check Stripe webhook handlers
→ Review recent payment changes
→ Find similar issues in error tracking

Results:
- Agent 3 finds: Webhook handler doesn't retry on timeout
- Agent 4 confirms: Recent change added new timeout logic
- Agent 1 shows: Pattern started after deploy on Jan 5

Root cause identified in ~1 minute vs 10+ sequential.

Codebase Audit

User: "Audit for security issues and tech debt."

Parallel audit (8 agents):

Security team:
→ security-auditor: SQL injection patterns
→ security-auditor: XSS vulnerabilities
→ security-auditor: Authentication issues
→ security-auditor: Sensitive data exposure

Quality team:
→ code-reviewer: Code duplication
→ code-reviewer: Complexity hotspots
→ test-runner: Coverage gaps
→ Explore: Outdated dependencies

All 8 agents work simultaneously.
Results categorized and prioritized.

Performance Considerations

When Parallel Helps Most

Tasks that are truly independent
Operations that are I/O bound (file reading, API calls)
Analysis benefiting from multiple perspectives
Large surface area (many files, many patterns)

When Parallel Helps Less

Tasks with strong dependencies (A must finish before B)
Very quick tasks (overhead exceeds benefit)
Tasks requiring deep sequential reasoning
Limited scope (just one file or function)

Overhead Awareness

Parallel execution has overhead:

Agent initialization: ~1-2 seconds each
Context sharing cost
Result synthesis time

For tasks under 5 seconds, sequential may be faster.

Getting Started

Today:

Try one parallel Explore swarm: “Find all usages of X in the codebase”
Notice the speed difference vs sequential exploration

This week:

Use Analysis Swarm for understanding a complex feature
Experiment with the Divide and Conquer pattern

This month:

Develop patterns specific to your workflow
Identify which tasks benefit most from parallelization
Optimize model selection for different agent types

Quick Reference

Task Tool Template

Task({
  subagent_type: "Explore" | "general-purpose",
  model: "haiku" | "sonnet" | "opus",
  prompt: "Clear, focused task description",
  run_in_background: true | false
})

Model Selection Guide

Task Type	Model	Why
File search	haiku	Fast, cheap
Pattern matching	haiku	Fast, cheap
Code review	sonnet	Balanced
Implementation	sonnet	Balanced
Security audit	sonnet/opus	Thorough
Architecture	opus	Most capable

Parallel Execution Rule

Independent tasks → Launch simultaneously
Dependent tasks → Run sequentially
Mixed → Phase approach (parallel within, sequential between)

Multi-agent architecture transforms how you interact with Claude Code. Instead of sequential prompts, you orchestrate parallel workflows that complete in a fraction of the time.

Sources: Claude Code Documentation, Claude Code GitHub, CHANGELOG